The Constitution is the ultimate law, and any act that violates it can be challenged and overturned: The Case of Marbury v. Madison (1803)

Marbury v. Madison (1803)

1. Overview
Marbury v. Madison is one of the most important cases in United States constitutional history. Decided in 1803, it established the principle of judicial review, which gives courts—especially the Supreme Court—the power to declare laws made by Parliament/Congress unconstitutional. This case is frequently studied around the world because it clearly defines the role of the judiciary in a democratic system.

2. Background of the Case
At the end of his term, President John Adams appointed several officials, including William Marbury, to government positions. Although Marbury’s appointment was approved and signed, the commission (official document) was not delivered before the new president, Thomas Jefferson, took office.

Jefferson instructed his Secretary of State, James Madison, not to deliver the commission.
Marbury then went directly to the Supreme Court seeking an order (a writ of mandamus) compelling Madison to issue the document.

3. Key Questions Before the Court
The Supreme Court considered three main issues:

1. Was Marbury entitled to his commission? – Yes.
2. If his right was violated, was there a remedy? – Yes.
3. Could the Supreme Court lawfully issue that remedy? – No. The Court held it did not have jurisdiction because the law giving it that power was unconstitutional.

4. What the Court Decided (The Holding)
Chief Justice John Marshall ruled that:

• Marbury had a legal right to his commission.
• The government’s refusal to deliver it violated that right.
• However, the section of the Judiciary Act giving the Supreme Court power to issue such orders exceeded the limits placed by the Constitution. Therefore, the Court could not grant Marbury’s request.

5. Why This Case Matters
This case established judicial review—the idea that the courts can:

• Interpret the Constitution, and
• Strike down any law that contradicts the Constitution.

This made the judiciary an independent and equal branch of government, ensuring that no branch (executive, legislative, or judiciary) has unchecked power.

6. Practical Importance for Clients
For clients, the lesson of Marbury v. Madison is that:

• The courts can protect individual rights when government actions overstep legal or constitutional limits.
• There is always a legal mechanism for challenging decisions made without proper authority.
• The Constitution is the ultimate law, and any act that violates it can be challenged and overturned.